Persyaratan Relay Pengaman

SISTEM PROTEKSI

Persyaratan Relay Pengaman

1. Kecepatan reaksi

Waktu tunda dibutuhkan ketika terjadi gangguan pada relay pengaman yang fungsinya untuk membedakan perlindungan pertama dan kedua dan juga untuk mendeteksi gangguan dengan cepat agar kerusakan jaringan listrik dapat dihindari.

2. Selektivitas

Dapat mendeteksi gangguan secara tepat dan cepat,harus bisa memisahkan bagian yang terjadi gangguan pada sistem yang lainnya.

3. Kepekaan

Relay dapat memberikan tanggapa bila merasakan gangguan. Kepekaan perlu dibatasi supaya tidak ada kenaikan arus beban yang masih pada batas toleransi

4. Keandalan 

Relay dapat dihitung dengan jumlah relay yang bekerja berbanding dengan gangguan yang terjadi . Keandalan relay yang baik 90-100%.

Macam-macam relay

1. Relay arah
2. Relay diferensial
3. Relay jarak
4. Relay arus lebih, Suatu rele yang bekerja berdasarkan kenaikan besaran arus yang melebihi suatu nilaipengamanan tertentu dan dalam jangka waktu tertentu, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pola pengaman arus lebih.
5. Relay tegangan
6. Relay Frekuensi
7. Relay waktu tertentu (difinite time)
8. Relay waktu terbalik (Inverse time)

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chapter 7.INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

CHAPTER 7

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

OBJECTIVES:

            1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with international business.

            2. The students are able to tell the tips to be a successful negotiator.

1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

            International trade makes a wide variety of goods, and services available to people everywhere. Many of the items that we use daily are imports-products that are sold where we live but produced or grown somewhere else. Conversely, products that are made or produced in a country, but shipped abroad, are exports. Regardless of its resources, no country today can produce all of the goods and services demanded by its citizens. Countries naturally tend to export those things that they can produce better or less expensively than other countries. They can then use the proceeds to import things they cannot produce efficiently at home.

            Think about the following products that you may use everyday. Where do these products come from? Television is from China, Japan, and Germany. Coffee is from Brazil, and Indonesia. Wine is from Russia, and French. Cars are from Korea, Japan, and Germany. Oil is from Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. Paper is from Indonesia, and China

            Make a list of other products that you use in your daily life. What countries are they from? Rice is from Indonesia, and Burma. Hand phone is from China, Korea, and Japan. Motorcycle is from Japan, India, and China. Laptop is from Japan, and Korea.. Clothes are from Indonesia, French, and China

            Why do these countries produce these products? These Countries produce these products because they have the raw material.

YOUR COUNTRY AS AN

IMPORTER                                                    EXPORTER

1. What are your country’s five top                1. What are your country’s five top exports?

imports? Electronic appliances, cars,              Oil, fish, sugar, coffee, and work force.

motorcycle, hand phone, and textile.             

2. Why does your country import these          2. Why does your country export these goods or goods or services? Because we didn’t      services? Because we have the raw material.

have the expert yet.

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3. From where does your country import       3. Where does your country export them to?

Them? We import them from developed        To developed countries or rich countries.

4. What are the advantages and                      4. What are the advantage and disadvantage of disadvantages of importing them?                      exporting them?

The advantages are we have these modern     We get income from selling them and           

things, and we can use them to enlighten       automatically increase our power to buy. The

our work. The disadvantages are they            disadvantage is we decrease our raw material.

decrease our power to buy and we don’t

challenge our selves to create our own

goods.

NEW VOCABULARY

Read the following sentences and try to guess the meaning of the words. Write a synonym or your own definition.

1. At the end of last year, Iguana Oil’s total assets were $ 38.9 billion and it was ranked

    as the fourth largest petroleum company in the world based on revenues.

2. The company was founded in 1932 and experienced phenomenal growth during the

    1930’s and 40’s; it made an important contribution to the war effort during

     World War II.

3. It’s growth continued well after the war as baby boomers bought cars to support

     their need for mobility in their work, entertainment, and vacationing.

4. Now as Iguana Oil prepares for the twenty-first century, the world’s oil supplies are

     diminishing and the cost of exploring and developing new oil fields is increasing

      tremendously.

5. At our current rate of extraction, which is in accordance with world demand, our

    present oil reserves are expected to be used up within the next five years.

6. The oil reserve may be extremely large or it may be extremely small. There is no way

     of knowing until we actually start developing the oil  exploration sites already

     staked out.

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7. Since the 1970’s, Guilipa has been plagued by a large deficit, unable to earn enough

     foreign currency to pay for imports.

8. All of president Sanchez’s aides were exclaiming,” This is what Guilipa needs to

     help rebuild the economy!”

9. Even though President Sanchez thought this could be an excellent opportunity for

    Guilipa, he was still a bit wary.

10. “Yes, Guilipa desperately needs economic help. We are in very difficult times.

    However, we still want representation, autonomy, and dignity in the venture.

Now try to match with one of the given synonyms or definitions

1. Rank                                    a. extraordinary

2. Phenomenal                         b. independence

3. Baby boomers                     c. shout

4. Diminish                              d. cautious

5. In accordance with                         e. order

6. Stake out                             f. demarcate

7. Deficit                                 g. individuals born after the immediate post-World War II

8. Exclaim                               h. corresponds to

9. Wary                                   i. decrease

10. Autonomy                         j. shortage

Key to the above questions

1. Rank = order

2. Phenomenal = extraordinary

3. Baby boomers = individuals born after the immediate post-world war II.

4. Diminish = decrease

5. In accordance with = corresponds to

6. Stake out = Demarcate

7. Deficit = shortage

8. Exclaim = shout

9. Wary = cautious

10. Autonomy = independence

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2. LANGUAGE SKILL

NEGOTIATION

The following are some tips o help you in being a successful negotiator.

Be cooperative

In a cooperative approach to negotiating, the goal is to find a solution that will be perceived as beneficial to both parties-a win-win solution.

Be flexible

The negotiators must be able to adjust their demands in response to each other’s proposals.

Be Prepared

Know exactly what you want to achieve from the negotiation and what you are willing to concede for those things if necessary.

Be Honest

It is important for both parties to share ideas and concerns openly. This creates an atmosphere of trust and therefore a more cooperative negotiating session.

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chapter 6.ETHICS

CHAPTER 6

ETHICS

OBJECTIVES:

            1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with ethics

            2. The students are able to tell the tips to be more effective when using telephone.

1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS

            Business Ethics deals with the right and wrong actions that arise in any work environment. Sometimes a conflict exists between an ideal decision and one that is practical under certain conditions. It is important that companies and individuals evaluate their ethical responsibilities when making decisions. It is important to remember that ethics are both personally and culturally defined.

DISCUSSION

1. Discuss how ethical or unethical the following situations are. Do you think these situations occur often?

            a. Cheating on an exam

            b. Spreading rumors about someone that aren’t true.

            c. Lying to make yourself look better.

            d. Taking home company supplies

2. Read about the following situations and decide if they are ethical (no problem) or unethical). Give your reasons!

Situation 1

            The owner of a freight company is petitioned by an animal right organization to stop shipment of exotic tropical birds. The activists charge that the tropical bird trade is inhumane and is leading to the extinction of several species. The shipping mogul, while sympathetic to these views, argues that hundreds of destitute peasants who hunt the birds could be adversely affected. Besides, the importation of the birds represents a significant amount of the company’s earning. He decides to continue the shipment but declares that 5 percent of the profits will go toward creating a wildlife sanctuary in the rain forest.

Situation 2

A real estate agent doesn’t tell the buyer that the house she is buying is near a former toxic waste dump site.

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Situation 3

A job applicant finds out the day before her job interview that she is pregnant. She decides not to say anything rather than jeopardize her chances.

Situation 4

An administrative assistant routinely makes up excuses for her boss to upper management and to his wife when he takes long lunches with his secretary.

3. Why do ethics vary from person to person?

4. Do you think people today have the same morals and values people had twenty years  

    ago? Explain!

5. Do you think that the people running your country’s government and business are

    generally honest? Explain!

6. How do you think competition among employees affects ethics in the workplace?

7. Do you think that businesses and society today place too much emphasis on profit

     and success? What effect does this have on ethical behavior?

8. Discuss the following statement: A company that wishes to encourage ethics must

    pursue a strategy that includes non-economic goals.

9. How do you think company should treat dishonest employees?

10. Do you agree with the statement : “An honest person can be influenced to engage in

      unethical behavior if the work environment has no system of checks and balances”?
      Explain!

11. What specific things can a company or a government do to encourage ethical

      behavior?

12. Do you think corporations have a responsibility in preserving our environment?

      Explain!

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

USING THE TELEPHONE

            In today’s business world, being able to communicate effectively on the telephone can mean the difference between success and failure. Not only do sales jobs rely on the use of the telephone, but the phone helps to carry out many functions that people rely on every day, such inquiring, confirming, interviewing, complaining, and

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ordering. The following are some tips to help you be more effective when using the telephone.

1. Be prepared

Write down the important points that you want to talk about before you dial the phone.

2. Be Direct

Know your purpose for calling, and know the desired results.

3. Be friendly

Since you will be judged on your voice alone, it is important to project a warm, friendly, and enthusiastic tone. People will be more responsive to you and more willing to talk to you.

4. Be Courteous

Use the commonly accepted format of greeting and closing. Conversations usually consist of a greeting, a statement of purpose for calling, and a closing. A typical greeting and statement of purpose for calling could be the following : “Hello, Mr. Smith. My name is Bob Jones and I’m with the orange Computer Company. How are you? (Response from the other person.) The reason I’m calling is because……” A typical closing could be (depending on the situation):”I enjoyed talking with you and I hope that you will consider using our product. If I can be of any help to you please don’t hesitate to call me. I’ll send you our company brochure highlighting our new product. Thank you for your time, Mr. Smith. I look forward to talking with you soon.”

5. Be Interest

Listen to the person you’re talking with. Show that you’re interested in that person and what he or she is saying. Listen to his or her concerns and try to resolve them.

6. Be Precise

Be able to explain yourself in a concise manner.

7. Be articulate

Enunciate your words clearly and don’t speak too quickly.

8. Be attentive

Give the person you’re talking to your full attention. Don’t do other things at the same time that may be distracting

9. Leave Message

If the person you want to speak with is not available, leave a message with his or her secretary or on the answering machine. Don’t be afraid to speak into an answering

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machine. Wait for the tone and identify yourself and you company and give your phone number. Know what the message is that you want to leave, and say it as few words as possible.

10. Be Resourceful

Don’t hang up until you’ve gotten the information that you want . You may have difficulty reaching that person again.

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chapter 5.MARKETING

CHAPTER 5

MARKETING

OBJECTIVES:

            1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with marketing.

            2. The students are able to explain what should be done in giving a business                            presentation.

1. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING

            Marketing is the link between the organization and the consumer. All organizations must serve consumer needs if they are to succeed. Marketing begins with the identification of consumer needs and the development of a product to meet those needs. Marketing managers develop a marketing strategy based on the four principle elements of marketing. Those four elements, often called the four P’s of marketing, are product (including goods, services, and ideas), price, promotion, and place (distribution). Together, these elements are known as the marketing mix.

QUESTIONS

1. What is marketing?

2. What is consumer behavior?

3. What are the 4P’s of marketing?

4. What is a marketing plan?

5. Discuss how the following elements influence the products, services or ideas that are

     a part of your lifestyle.

            a. TV                           b. billboards                c. packaging   

6. How do you find out about certain products or sales? What entices you to buy the products?

7. Discuss what a company must do in the following areas before a product can reach your     

    hands.          a. Product research and development

                        b. Market research

                        c. An advertising campaign

                        d. Quality control

8. What are the steps that a company takes to introduce a new product?

9. When you shop, are you more concerned with price or with quality?

10. Do you buy only things that you really need or do you buy things that are the latest

      fad?

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11. Do you plan your purchases carefully or do you buy on impulse?

12. How do the following influence you when you shop?

            a. shopping alone or with someone else.

            b. salespeople

            c. your mood

            d. promotion

            e. price

            f. location of store

            g. time of day

13. Here you act as the consumer. Think about the last time you went shopping and made a purchase. Answer the following questions based on your experience.

            Product           àWhat did you buy? Describe it!

            Place                àWhere did you buy it?

                                    àWhat kind of store was it?

            Price                àHow much did you pay for it?

                                    àHow did it compare in price to other similar products?

            Promotion       àHow did you find out about this product?

                                    àWhat enticed you to buy it?

14. Bring to class an advertisement from a magazine. Describe to the class the product that company is selling and who the target market is that the company is trying to reach.

Determine which of the four P’s the following problems are most closely associated with Product, Price, Promotion, or Place.

            - The phone number for placing a telephone order is always busy.

            - The store is only open until 5:00 p.m. on weekdays.

            - The selling price of the product is only 5 percent higher than the cost of     

               manufacturing it.

            - The store runs out of the product during a special sale.

            - A new dress has a rip under the arm after it is worn once.

            - The product is 20 percent higher in price than other similar products.

            - The advertisement on TV is targeted to children as consumers and influences          them negatively.

            - A new flavor of ice cream is introduced in the winter.

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            - The shoe store only has size fives (very small) and size tens (very large) left in a very          popular style.

            - A new product is displayed in the back of the store.

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

GIVING A BUSINESS PRESENTATION

Presentations are extremely important in business.

The following are some tips to help you avoid this situation.

1. Preparing the presentation

First, ask yourself the following three questions

            - Who is my audience?

            - What kind of response do I want?

            - What do I hope to communicate to this group?

2. The presentation

            - Start developing your ideas based on your answers to the three questions            

               above.

            - Select your main ideas and develop them.

            - Arrange those ideas so that they build logically. Make an outline.

            - Support each idea with facts and an explanation.

            - Develop your introduction and conclusion to attract the listener’s interest.            - Remember to summarize main ideas in the conclusion.

            - Plan your content to fit the time allowed.

            - Prepare an outline of your presentation on 3 X 5 index cards to aid you in your      delivery.

3. The Delivery

            - Above all, appear relaxed

            - Try to gain a good rapport with the audience.

            - Your appearance:

                        - Dress in a comfortable and professional manner.

                        - Maintain good, straight posture.

                        - Maintain eye contact with the audience.

                        - Use hand gestures that will add to the presentation instead of distract                                from it.

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                        - Show enthusiasm.

                        - Use visual or audiovisual aids.

            - Your voice:

                        - Don’t speak too fast.

                        - Pronounce your words clearly.

                        - Project your voice so that people in the back can hear you.

                        - Try not to use too many pauses or hesitation.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

A tape recorder is an excellent tool for self-improvement in public speaking. To find out how effective you are when speaking English. Make two five-minute recordings. For the first recording, read aloud any material of your choice. The second one should be an information conversation with a friend. Listen to both tapes and rate yourself, using the following guide. The left column lists characteristic of an effective speaker, and the right column lists are in need of betterment. If you do have some marks in the right-hand column, think about how you can make improvements.

Do you sound:

- Self-assured                                                              - Self-conscious

- Warm, friendly                                                         - Impersonal, indifferent

- Relaxed                                                                     - Tense

- Fluent                                                                        - Hesitant

- Clear                                                                         - Difficult to understand

- Communicative                                                         - Unresponsive

- Appealing                                                                 - Monotonous

- Not too loud or too soft                                           - Too loud or too soft

- Not too fast or too slow                                           - Too fast or too slow

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